Ancient Egypt - History and Chronology

Manetho Chronicle

Manetho was a priest from Heliopolis, Egyptian by birth. Probably on Ptolemy I and recommendation he started to compile Egyptian history. This work entitled “Aegyptiaka”, was written in Greek and finally completed circa 271 BC. In his manuscript Manetho attempted to describe Egyptian history from mythical times onwards to the death of Alexander the Great. According to his count there were 30 Dynasties ruling over Egypt. To Manetho we owe also many interesting details from rulers’ life. Unfortunately, his work got lost and all we know recently comes from short transcripts and summaries of historians after Manetho: Josephus Flavius (I AD), Sextus Julius Africanus (III AD), Eusebius of Cesarea (III/IV AD), and Byzantine historian George Syncellos (VIII AD). Mistakes made by copiers reduce historical value of Manethos’ work. For instance: Josephus Flavius assigned to Menes duration of 62 years of ruling, Eusebius - 30 years, while Syncellos - 60 years.
The register of names of rulers from first six dynasties and the length of their ruling according to Flavius / Africanus and Eusebius count are presented beneath:

I Dynasty
8 kings from This, 253 years (Africanus) or 252 (Eusebius) or 258 (Syncellos)

	Julius Africanus			Eusebius of Cesarea
Narmer	Μηνης	Menes	62	Μηνης	Menes	30
Aha	Aθωθις	Athothis	57	Aθωθις	Athothis	27
Djer	Κενκενης	Kenkenes	31	Κενκενης	Kenkenes	39
Djet	Ουενεφης	Wenefes	23	Ουενεφης	Wenefes	42
Den	Ουσαφαιδoς	Usafaidos	20	Ουσαφαης	Usafais	20
Andjib	Μιεβιδoς	Miebidos	26	Nιεβαης	Niebais	26
Semerkhet	Σεμεμψης	Semempses	18	Σεμεμψης	Semempses	18
Qa'a	Βιηνεχης	Bieneches	26	Ουβιενθης	Ubienthes	26

II Dynasty
9 kings from This, 297 years (Eusebius)

	Julius Africanus			Eusebius of Cesarea
Hotepsekhemui	Βoηθoς	Boethos	38	Βωχος	Bochos	-
Reneb	Καιεχως	Kaiechos	39	Χωος	Choos	-
Ninetjer	Βίνωθρις	Binothris	47	Βίοφις	Biophis	-
Weneg	Τλας	Thlas	17
Senedj	Σεθενης	Sethenes	41
?	Χαιρης	Chaires	17
Neferkare (Aaka)	Nεφερχερης	Nefercheres	26
Neferkasokar	Σεσωχρις	Sesochris	48	Σεσωχρις	Sesochris	48
Khasekhemui	Χενερης	Cheneres	30	Χενερης	Cheneres	30

III Dynasty
kings from This (Africanus)
8 kings from Memphis, 198 years (Eusebius)

IV Dynasty
kings from This (Africanus)
17 kings from Memphis, 448 years (Eusebius)

	Julius Africanus			Eusebius of Cesarea
Snofru	Σωρις	Soris	29
Khufu	Σoυφις	Suphis	63	Σoυφις	Souphis
Khafre	Σoυφις	Suphis	66
Menkaure	Mενχερης	Mencheres	63
Djedefre	Ρατoισης	Ratoises	25
Baka	Bιχερης	Bicheris	22
Shepseskaf	Σεβερχερης	Sebercheres	7
Ptahdjedef	Θαμφθις	Tamphtis	9

V Dynasty
9 kings from Elephantine, 248 years (Africanus)
31 kings from Elephantine, 100(?) years (Eusebius)

	Julius Africanus
Weserkaf	Ουσερχερης	Usercheres	28
Sahure	Σεφρης	Sephres	13
Neferirkare Kakai	Νεφερχερης	Nephercheres	20
Shepseskare	Σισιρης	Sisires	7
Neferefre	Χερης	Cheres	20
Niuserre	Ραθουρης	Rathures	44
Menkauhor	Μενχερης	Mencheres	9
Djedkare Isesi	Τανχερης	Tancheres	44
Wenis	Οννος	Onnos	33

VI Dynasty
6 kings from Memphis, 203 years (Africanus and Eusebius)

	Julius Africanus			Eusebius of Cesarea
Teti	Οθοης	Othoes	-	Οθoης	Othoes	-
Pepi I	Φιος	Phios	53
Nemtiemsaf I	Μεθουσουφις	Methusuphis	7
Pepi II	Φιωψ	Phiops	99	Φιωψ	Phiops	94
Nemtiemsaf II	Μενφεσουφις	Mentesuphis	1
Neitikret	Νιτωκρις	Nitocris	12	Νιτωκρις	Nitocris	-

VII - XI Dynasties

	Julius Africanus	Eusebius from Cezarei
VII	70 kings from Memphis, 70 days	5 kings from Memphis, 75 days
VIII	27 kings from Memphis, 146 years	5 kings from Memphis, 100 years
IX	19 kings from Heracleopolis, 409 years	4 kings from Heracleopolis, 100 years Aχθoης Akhtoes (Kheti II)
X	19 kings from Heracleopolis, 185 years	19 kings from Heracleopolis, 185 years
XI	16 kings from Thebes, 43 years	16 kings from Diospolis, 43 years

XII Dynasty
7 kings from Diospolis, 160 years (Africanus) or 245 years (Eusebius)

	Julius Africanus			Eusebius of Cesarea
Amenemhat I	Aμμενεμης	Ammenemes	-	Aμμενεμης	Ammenemes	16
Senweseret I	Σεσονχοσις	Sesonchosis	46	Σεσονχοσις	Sesonchosis	46
Amenemhat II	Aμμανεμης	Ammanemes	38	Aμμανεμης	Ammanemes	68
Senweseret III	Σεσωστρις	Sesostris	48	Σεσωστρις	Sesostris	48
Amenemhat III	Aμμερης	Ammeres	8	Λαμαρις	Lamares	8
Amenemhat IV	Aμμενεμης	Ammenemes	8
Sobekneferure	Σκεμιoφρις	Skemiophris	4

XIII - XIV Dynasties

XIII	60 kings from Thebes, 453 years (Africanus and Eusebius)
XIV	76 kings from Xsois, 184 years (Africanus and Eusebius) (484 at Syncellos)

XV Dynasty
6 foreign kings from Phenicia, 284 years (Africanus)
kings from Diospolis, 250 years (Eusebius)

	Julius Africanus (XV Dynasty)			Eusebius of Cesarea (XVII Dynasty)
Salitis	Σαιτης	Saites	19	Σαιτης	Saites	19
Sheshi (Bnon)	Βνων	Bnon	44	Βνων	Bnon	40
Yakobner	Παχναν	Pachnan	61
Khian	Στααν	Staan	50
Khamudi	Aρχλης	Archles	61	Aφωφις	Aphophis	30
Apopi	Aφοβις	Aphobis	49	Aρχλης	Archles	14

XVI Dynasty
32 królów pasterskich, 518 years (Africanus)
5 kings w Thebes, 190 years (Eusebius of Cesarea)

XVII Dynasty
43 shepherd kings and 43 kings from Thebes, 151 years (Africanus)
4 kings from Memphis, 103 years (Eusebius)

XVIII Dynasty
16 kings from Thebes, 263 years (Africanus)
14 kings from Diospolis, 348 years (Eusebius)

	Julius Africanus			Eusebius of Cesarea
Ahmose I	Aμως	Amos	-	Aμωσις	Amosis	25
Tuthmosis II	Χεβρως	Chebros	13	Χεβρων	Chebron	13
Amenhotep I	Αμενωφθις	Amenophtis	24	Aμμενωφίς	Ammenophis	21
Tuthmosis I	Μισαφρις	Misaphris	13	Μιφρης	Miphres	12
Hatshepsut	Αμενσις	Amensis	22
Tuthmosis III	Μισφραγμουθωσις	Misfragmuthosis	26	Μισφραγμουθωσις	Mysfarmuthosis	26
Tuthmosis IV	Τουθμωσις	Tuthmosis	9	Τουθμωσις	Tuthmosis	9
Amenhotep II	Αμενωφις	Amenophis	31	Aμενωφις	Amenophis	31
Amenhotep III	Ωρος	Oros	37	Ωρος	Oros	36
Akhenaten	Αχερρης	Acherres	32
?				Aχενχερσης	Achencherses	16(12)
Tutankhamun	Ραθως	Rathos	6	Aθωρις	Athoris	39(8)
?	Χεβρης	Chebris	12	Χενχερης	Chencheres	16
?	Aχερρης	Acherres	12	Aχερρης	Acherres	8
?					Cherres	15
Horemheb	Aρμεσης	Armesis	5	Aρμαις	Armais	5
Ramesses I	Ραμεσσης	Ramesses	1	Ραμεσσης	Ramesses	68
?	Αμενωφαθ	Amenophath	19	Aμενωφις	Amenophis	40

XIX Dynasty
6 kings from Thebes, 209 years (Africanus)
5 kings from Diospolis, 194 years (Eusebius)

	Julius Africanus			Eusebius of Cesarea
Seti I	Σεθως	Sethos	51	Σεθως	Sethos	55
Ramesses II	Ραψακης	Rapsakes	61	Ραμψης	Rampses	66 (68)
Merenptah	Aμενεφθης	Amenephtes	20	Aμμενεφθίς	Ammenephtis	8(40)
?	Ραμεσσης	Rameses	60
Amenemose	Aμμενεμνης	Ammenemnes	5	Aμμενεμης	Ammenemes	26
Tawosret	Θουωρις	Thouris	7	Θουωρις	Thouris	7

XX Dynasty
12 kings from Thebes, 135 years (Africanus)
12 kings from Diospolis, 178 years (Eusebius)

XXI Dynasty
7 kings from Tanis, 130 years (Africanus and Eusebius)

	Julius Africanus			Eusebius of Cesarea
Smendes I	Σμενδης	Smendes	26	Σμενδις	Smendes	26
Psusennes I	Ψουσεννης	Psusennes	46	Ψουσεννης	Psusennes	41(46)
Amenemose	Νεφελχερης	Nephelcheres	4	Νεφερχερης	Nephercheres	4
Amenemipet	Aμενωφθίς	Amenophtis	9	Aμμενωφθις	Ammenophtis	9
Osokhor	Oσοχωρ	Osokhor	6	Oσοχωρ	Osokhor	6
Siamun	Ψιναχης	Psinaches	9	Ψιναχης	Psinaches	9
Psusennes II	Ψουσεννης	Psusennes	30	Ψουσεννης	Psusennes	(35)

XXII Dynasty
9 kings from Bubastis, 120 years (Africanus)
3 kings from Bubastis, 49 years (Eusebius)

	Julius Africanus - Eusebius of Cesarea
Sheshonq I	Σεσονχωσις	Sesonchosis	21
Osorkon I	Oσορθων	Osorthon	15
Takelot I	Τακελωθις	Takelothis	13

XXIII Dynasty
4 kings from Tanis, 89 years (Africanus)
3 kings from Tanis (Eusebius)

	Julius Africanus			Eusebius of Cesarea
Petubastis I	Πετουβατης	Petubates	40	Πετουβαστις	Petubastis	25
Iuput I						10
Osorkon III	Oσορχω	Osorcho	8	Oσορθων	Osorthon	9
	Ψαμμους	Psammus	10	Ψαμμους	Psammus	10
	Ζητ	Zet	31

XXIV Dynasty (Sais)

			Julius Africanus	Eusebius of Cesarea
Bakenrenef	Βοχχωρις	Bochoris	6	44

XXV Dynasty
3 ethiopian kings, 40 (Africanus) or 44 years (Eusebius)

			Julius Africanus	Eusebius of Cesarea
Shabaka	Σαβακων	Sabacon	8	12
Shabataka	Σεβιχως	Sebichos	14	12
Taharka	Ταρκος	Tarkos	18	20

XXVI Dynasty
9 kings from Sais, 150 years and 6 months (Africanus) or 167 years (Eusebius)

	Julius Africanus			Eusebius of Cesarea
Ammeris				Aμμερις	Ammeris	12
Stephinates	Στεφινατης	Stephinathis	7	Στεφιναθις	Stephinathis	7
Nekaub	Στεφινατης	Nechepsos	6	Νεχεψως	Nechepsos	6
Nekau I	Νεχαω	Nechao	8	Νεχαω	Nechao	8
Psametik I	Ψαμμητιχος	Psammetikhos	54	Ψαμμητιχος	Psammetikhos	45
Necho II	Νεχαω	Nechao	6	Νεχαω	Nechao	3
Psametik II	Ψαμμουθις	Psammuthis	6	Ψαμμουθις	Psammuthis	17
Apries	Ουαφρις	Uaphris	19	Ουαφρις	Uaphris	25
Amasis	Aμωσις	Amosis	44	Aμωσις	Amosis	42
Psametik III	Ψαμμεχεριτης	Psammecherites	6 mon.

XXVII Dynasty
8 persian kings, 124 years and 4 months (Africanus) or 120 years (Eusebius)

	Julius Africanus			Eusebius of Cesarea
Cambyzes II	Καμβυσης	Cambyses	6	Καμβυσης		3
?				Μαγοι	Magoi	7 mon.
Darius I	Δαρειος	Dareios	36	Δαρειος	Dareios	36
Xserxes I	Ξερξης	Kserkses	21	Ξερξης	Kserkses	21
?	Aρταβανος	Artabanos	7 mon.
Artaxerxes I	Aρταξερξης	Artakserkses	41	Aρταξερξης	Artakserkses	40
Xerxes II	Ξερξης	Kserkses	2 mon.	Ξερξης	Kserkses	2 mon.
Sogdianos	Σογδιανος	Sogdianos	7 mon.	Σογδιανος	Sogdianos	7 mon.
Darius II	Δαρειος	Dareios	19	Δαρειος	Dareios	19

XXVIII Dynasty (Sais)

	Julius Africanus - Eusebius of Cesarea
Amyrtaeus	Aμυρτεος	Amyrteos	6

XXIX Dynasty
4 kings from Mendes, 20 years and 4 months (Africanus) or 21 years and 4 months (Eusebius)

			Julius Africanus	Eusebius of Cesarea
Nefaarud I	Νεφεριτης	Nepherites	6	6
Akhoris	Aχωρις	Achoris	13	13
Psammuthis	Ψαμμουθις	Psammuthis	1	1
Nefaarud II	Νεφεριτης	Nepherites	-	4 months
Muthis	Μουθις	Muthis	-	1

XXX Dynasty
3 kings from Sebennytos, 38 years (Africanus) or 20 years (Eusebius)

			Julius Africanus	Eusebius of Cesarea
Nectanebo I	Νεκτανέβης	Nectanebes	18	10
Djedhor	Τεως	Teos	2	2
Nectanebo II	Νεκτανεβος	Nectanebos	18	8

Persowie

			Julius Africanus	Eusebius of Cesarea
Artaxerxes III	Ωχος	Ochos	2	2
Arses	Aρσης	Aroges	3	4
Darius	Δαρειος	Dareios	4	6